Catchment transit time variability with different SAS function parameterizations for the unsaturated zone and groundwater

Preferential flow paths (e.g., macropores or subsurface pipe networks) in hydrological systems facilitate the rapid transmission of precipitation and solutes to streams, resulting in streamflow responses characterized by the release of younger water (i.e., recent precipitation) from the catchment and correspondingly short transit times (on the order of days). While preferential flow paths are documented in both the unsaturated zone and groundwater aquifers, it remains uncertain whether catchment-scale isotope-based transport models can adequately represent preferential flow using tracer measurements in streamflow. In this study, we hypothesize that the preferential release of young water from both the unsaturated zone and groundwater aquifers can be isolated from the streamflow tracer signal. This can be studied with StorAge Selection (SAS) functions, which describe how young or old water leaves a storage. We systematically compared multiple parameterizations of SAS functions describing how water of different ages is released from the unsaturated zone and groundwater aquifer within a single catchment-scale transport model using long-term measurements of hydrogen isotopes in water ( δ 2 H) from two headwater catchments (the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Austria and the Wüstebach catchment in Germany). The results show that δ 2 H measurements in streamflow exhibited sufficient variability to isolate the preferential release of younger water through preferential flow paths in the unsaturated zone. In contrast, the variability of δ 2 H in streamflow was insufficient to isolate the preferential release of younger water from the groundwater aquifer, as any seasonal variations in pore water δ 2 H were largely damped by substantial passive groundwater storage (water that mixes with the tracer signal of the active groundwater volume). Consistent with this interpretation, the degree of attenuation in the simulated streamflow isotope signal increased with increasing passive groundwater storage volumes and became pronounced when passive storage was orders of magnitude larger than active groundwater storage. The size of passive groundwater storage, in combination with groundwater SAS function parametrizations, regulated the long tails (100