Large discrepancies between event- and response-based compound flood hazard estimates

Most flood hazard assessments follow the event-based approach, assuming that the probability of flooding approximates the probability of flood drivers. However, this approach neglects information about the temporal and spatial variability of flood drivers and flood processes such as water propagation inland and its interaction with topography. The response-based approach accounts for these factors by using a large number of flood events that allow the calculation of flood probabilities. Here, we compare differences in flood hazards between the event- and response-based approaches for a case study in Gloucester City (NJ, U.S.). We find that compound events with return periods less than 20 years can produce the 100-year (i.e., 1 % annual exceedance probability) flood depths in large areas of the city. This is caused by the temporal and spatial characteristics of these events, such as prolonged high coastal water levels and rainfall fields with higher rainfall rates over urbanized areas. These event characteristics are not included in extreme value models of the flood drivers and are commonly simplified by using a single design event. However, flood hazards largely depend on them, introducing large discrepancies in resulting flood hazards if neglected. The temporal and spatial variabilities of flood drivers need to be incorporated in flood hazard assessments to produce robust estimates.