A vast Caledonian fan and an Ediacaran arc: the contrasting provenance of Devonian clastics of Brunia (Bohemian Massif)

Brunia is a distinctive crustal block within the European Variscides, composed of a late Neoproterozoic arc complex overlain by Ediacaran–early Cambrian cover sequences. Sparse preservation of early Paleozoic strata obscures its pre-Variscan paleogeography. Proposed models suggest Brunia either shared a crustal domain with adjacent parts of the Bohemian Massif, represented a far-eastern extension of Avalonia accreted to Baltica in the early Paleozoic, or maintained long-term connections to Baltica since the late Ediacaran. To address these uncertainties, we present the first systematic study of detrital zircons (both U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data) from Devonian strata overlying Brunia's Neoproterozoic basement. Two distinct age-spectral patterns are identified. Type-1, widespread across Brunia, exhibit a near-unimodal late Neoproterozoic peak corresponding to locally preserved arc magmatism. Type-2, display a multimodal spectrum with significant Late Ordovician–Silurian and Paleoproterozoic–early Neoproterozoic age peaks, and only minor late Neoproterozoic input. The Type-1 pattern reflects predominant recycling of local Brunia sources. Nearly-uniformly positive ε Hf( t ) values in Neoproterozoic zircons contrast with the wide isotopic range typical of other Variscan terranes in Central and Western Europe, but are comparable with values from Avalonian strata in Newfoundland, supporting a Neoproterozoic link between West Avalonia and Brunia. The Type-2 pattern broadly matches Devonian detrital zircon signatures from the British Isles, the Rhenish and Harz Mountains and parts of the Mid-German Crystalline Rise, the Dobrogea region of Romania, and NW Turkey delineating the northern margin of the Rheic Ocean. Strong similarity to Ordovician–Silurian Scandinavian datasets suggests original derivation from the Caledonides and confirms an Early Devonian connection between Brunia and Baltica.