Wind turbine wake dynamics subjected to atmospheric gravity waves: a measurement-driven large-eddy simulation study

Atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) are large-scale wave-like flow structures commonly generated when atmospheric flows are vertically perturbed by topographical features or meteorological phenomena. These transient phenomena can significantly affect wind turbine outputs and loads; however, their influence on wake dynamics remains poorly understood, posing challenges for accurate wind farm modeling. In this study, we perform large-eddy simulation of wind turbines operating under an atmospheric condition reconstructed by assimilating lidar measurements of AGWs. Our results show that (i) low-frequency wake meandering becomes more pronounced owing to large-scale AGW flow structures and intensified smaller-scale turbulent structures. This enhanced meandering, combined with stronger turbulent mixing, accelerates mean wake recovery. (ii) The turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) spectrum in the wake region exhibits a peak Strouhal number of approximately 0.3, although the inflow spectrum peaks at significantly lower frequencies. This observation indicates that, under AGW conditions, wake turbulence generation follows a convective instability mechanism. Notably, faster wake recovery reduces wake shear, leading to lower amplification of TKE. Power analysis for two turbines arranged in a streamwise column further highlights the dominant role of convective instabilities. Large-amplitude, low-frequency power fluctuations observed at the most upstream turbine are significantly attenuated for downstream turbines as low-frequency velocity fluctuations are suppressed in the far-wake region. These findings add further insights into wake meandering and turbulence generation, offering guidance for modeling wind turbine and farm flows under non-stationary atmospheric conditions.