MODERN NON-INVASIV TECHNOLOGIES FOR GLUCOSE MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major global medical and social challenges, with its prevalence projected by the International Diabetes Federation to reach 853 million individuals by 2050, substantially increasing the healthcare and economic burden on health systems worldwide.A key component of effective DM management is regular-and ideally continuous-monitoring of blood glucose levels to prevent acute and chronic complications.Although traditional invasive methods remain the gold standard, they have notable drawbacks, including pain, infection risk, psychological discomfort, and high operational costs, all of which limit measurement frequency and reduce patient compliance.Consequently, the field of non-invasive glucose-monitoring technologies has been developing rapidly, with optical methods occupying a leading position due to their potential painlessness, feasibility for continuous monitoring, and compatibility with wearable devices.Over recent decades, numerous technologies for glucose measurement have been developed, and researchers continue refining these approaches to improve accuracy and stability.This article presents a comparative overview of several methods based on distinct principles of interaction between optical radiation, biological tissues, and glucose molecules.Despite considerable scientific progress, none of the non-invasive technologies has yet Журнал «Перспективи та інновації науки» № 12(58) 2025 2012 achieved the level of accuracy, reliability, and practical usability necessary to fully replace invasive methods in clinical practice.Future advancements will depend on the development of multimodal sensors, integration of nanotechnologies, and implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms for signal processing.The next critical step will be large-scale, long-term clinical studies specifically focused on evaluating performance during continuous monitoring under real-life patient conditions.