Sexual dimorphism through lip print analysis: a study on pattern variations among Indonesian adolescents

The analysis of lip print patterns has been recognized as a supplementary method for forensic identification. This study examines sex-based variations in lip print patterns among Indonesian adolescents to explore potential forensic applicability. Ninety-six lip prints were collected from subjects (40 males and 56 females) aged 16–20 years. Lip prints were obtained through a standardized procedure involving the application of lipstick, transfer onto cellophane tape, and placement on white paper. Patterns were analyzed using ImageJ software, and statistical analysis was conducted using IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 29.0. The results indicate that Type I is most common among males, whereas Type II predominates among females. Significant differences were observed between the upper left and lower right quadrants (p