Mechanisms of Drug-induced Nephrotoxicity: A Comprehensive Analysis using Animal Models

Nephrotoxicity refers to the harmful effects that different substances can exert on kidney function. Various agents, such as non-steroidal agents (Acetaminophen and Diclofenac Sodium), antifungal (Amphotericin B), antiviral (Acyclovir), aminoglycosides (Gentamicin), immunosuppressant drugs (Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus), and anticancer agents (Cisplatin), can cause nephrotoxic effects. This review examines the mechanisms behind drug-induced nephrotoxicity, which include alternations in glomerular hemodynamics, tubular cells toxicity, inflammation, crystal nephropathy, rhabdomyolysis, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Animal models are crucial for understanding nephrotoxicity mechanisms and developing effective therapies for its management. Due to the numerous pathways that can lead to renal impairment, a wide range of animal models has been established to mirror the clinical manifestations of renal impairment. This review aims to assist in selecting an appropriate model for evaluating new drugs that could protect against nephrotoxicity.