Development and Evaluation of Tamarindus indica Seed Extract Based Mucoadhesive Vaginal Film for Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

Vaginal infections remain among the most common gynecological conditions, affecting women across various age groups and significantly diminishing quality of life. Conventional antifungal and antibacterial therapies are often limited by poor bioavailability, mucosal irritation, frequent recurrences, and the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance. These challenges have intensified the search for novel intravaginal delivery systems capable of ensuring localized, sustained, and patient-friendly therapy. Plant-derived bioactives have recently gained prominence as safer alternatives, with Tamarindus indica seeds recognized for their rich phytochemical profile and established antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, Tamarindus indica seed extract was incorporated into a mucoadhesive vaginal film to address the shortcomings of conventional treatment. The formulation strategy was designed to enhance mucosal adhesion, prolong residence time, and provide controlled drug release, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report on the development of Tamarindus indica seed extract–based mucoadhesive vaginal films with demonstrated antimicrobial activity, offering a promising phytopharmaceutical approach for overcoming drug resistance and recurrence in vaginal infections.