Electron as a Particle–Frequency Duality: Deriving Mass and Speed of Light from the Temporal Field

This paper presents a novel theoretical framework in which the electron is modeled as a dual entity, simultaneously a particle and a temporal-frequency oscillator. Using a scalar temporal field , we derive the electron's rest mass and show how the speed of light emerges naturally from its internal oscillation frequency and mass. The approach unifies aspects of special relativity and quantum mechanics within a single temporal-spatial framework, offering a geometric and field-theoretic origin for fundamental constants such as and . Implications for the structure of matter and the interpretation of quantum phenomena are discussed.