Unified Temporal Field Deflection: Detailed Astrophysical Examples from the Solar System to Black Holes
Abstract
We present a unified temporal field formula for the gravitational deflection of light and massive particles. Step-by-step calculations are provided for several astrophysical objects, including the Sun, Mercury, gravitational lenses, and the interior of black holes. The results reproduce and extend predictions of General Relativity, demonstrating the applicability of the temporal field framework to both weak and strong gravitational regimes.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 4 June 2026