Recycling Fruit Waste into Liquid Organic Fertilizer: Effects on Soil Health and Vegetable Productivity under Sustainable Farming Systems

Abstract Recycling fruit waste into liquid organic fertilizers (LOFs) provides a circular, low-cost nutrient source for smallholder and commercial vegetable production. LOFs—produced via aqueous extraction, fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, or compost-tea methods—concentrate soluble nutrients and often retain beneficial microorganisms and bioactive compounds that influence soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Experimental studies and pilot trials report improved seedling vigor, plant growth, and yields following LOF application across vegetables (lettuce, cucumber, eggplant), while soil indicators (microbial biomass, available P and K, organic matter) frequently respond positively. However, agronomic outcomes are context dependent: feedstock composition, production method, dilution and dosing, and concurrent nutrient management strongly influence effectiveness. Food-safety (pathogen) risks, variable nutrient balance (N limitation), and potential salt/contaminant accumulation are important constraints requiring testing and process control. Overall, LOFs derived from fruit waste are promising tools for sustainable farming when produced with hygienic practices, standardized protocols, and integrated with soil fertility plans. Keywords: Fruit waste recycling; Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF); Soil health; Vegetable productivity; Sustainable farming systems; Circular agriculture