Effectiveness and Environmental Benefits of Natural Plant-Based Pesticides in Vegetable Production Systems

Abstract Plant-based (botanical) pesticides—such as neem-derived compounds (azadirachtin), pyrethrum/pyrethrins, essential oils, and a wide range of crude plant extracts—are increasingly recognized as lower-risk options or complementary tools to synthetic pesticides in vegetable production systems. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 2015–2025 focusing on: (1) the diversity and modes of action of botanical pesticides used in vegetables; (2) their effectiveness against major vegetable pests, including sucking insects, lepidopterans, thrips, and storage pests; (3) associated environmental and human-health benefits; (4) key considerations related to formulation, persistence, and implementation; and (5) practical strategies to enhance field performance and farmer adoption. The review concludes by highlighting research priorities and policy directions that can support the wider and more effective use of botanical pesticides in sustainable vegetable production. Keywords: botanical pesticides, neem, essential oils, vegetable crops, IPM, environmental impacts.