A Review on Evolving Energy Storage Systems: From Conventional Approaches to Advanced Hybrid Technologies

Energy conversion and storage technologies have been playing an important role in developing various industries such as transportation, communication, etc. Numerous other types of energy exist, including kinetic, chemical, gravitational, electrical, and gravitational potential. Additionally, storage can deliver power in response to variations or decreases in power, regulate electricity frequency and voltage, and postpone or eliminate the need for expensive transmission and distribution upgrades to ease congestion. Batteries made of lithium-ion material are frequently utilized today. Additionally, a variety of technological disciplines use supercapacitors, fuel cells, flywheels, and superconducting energy storage systems (ESSs). Electrochemical, thermochemical, thermal, flywheel, compressed, magnetic, chemical, hydrogen, and other energy storage are the different subcategories of energy storage technology. The primary goal of this review paper is to explore energy storage systems, including their components, mechanisms, types, characteristics, advantages, and applications.