QWED Protocol: Deterministic Verification for Large Language Models
Abstract
QWED (Query with Evidence & Determinism) is a deterministic verification protocol that treats LLMs as untrusted translators. It validates all outputs using 8 specialized engines: math (SymPy), logic (Z3), code security (AST), SQL (SQLGlot), statistics, fact checking, image validation, and consensus. In benchmarks against Claude Opus 4.5, QWED achieved 100% error detection where the model had 73-85% accuracy. Version 1.1.0 Updates: Added complete DSL (Domain Specific Language) security documentation Documented output format enforcement (function calling + Pydantic schemas) Added language detection mechanisms Explained SQL AST-based obfuscation detection Added 566 lines of technical documentation Open source under Apache 2.0.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Web Application Security Vulnerabilities
Security and Verification in Computing
Logic
programming
and type systems
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 1 January 2026
- Language
- EN