Hardy-Littlewood Goldbach Conjecture Validated to N=10^12: From Transient U-Distribution to Ultimate Asymptotic Convergence
Abstract
This work presents the first comprehensive computational validation of the Hardy-Littlewood Goldbach formula across 10 orders of magnitude (N ∈ [10³, 10¹²]). Key Findings:- First trillion-scale (N=10¹²) Monte Carlo validation of Hardy-Littlewood bias- First documented sign reversal: bias evolves from -7.87% (N=10³) to +0.28%±2.2% (N=10¹²)- Discovery of transient U-shaped topology dependence on ω(N)- Convergence model: Bias ~ -58.8/ln(N) - 17.0/ln²(N) validated across 9 orders of magnitude This dataset includes:- 127 computational data points spanning N ∈ [10³, 10¹²]- Complete Python analysis scripts- High-resolution figures (300 DPI)- LaTeX source and PDF paper The work validates Hardy and Littlewood's 1923 conjecture to unprecedented computational scale, demonstrating sub-percent accuracy by N=10⁹ and statistical perfection by N=10¹².
Fields of Study & Subjects
Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection
Analytic Number Theory Research
Probability and Statistical Research
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 1 January 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Preprint