Performance Enhancement of Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Internal Combustion Engine and Energy Management Subsystem

This shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) is primarily driven by the commitment to reduce emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels, and at the heart of this transformation lies its drive system. EVs replace the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with battery-powered electric motors. However, several significant challenges hinder the widespread adoption of EVs, including battery limitations, energy density, charging speed, lack of charging infrastructure, high cost, and dependence on critical materials such as lithium and cobalt. This paper presents the mathematical modeling, analysis, and simulation results of a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (SPHEV). Detailed models of four main types of components—electric motor, internal combustion engine, battery, and auxiliary components— are presented, which can be used to model and simulate the drivetrain of full-electric, series hybrid, and parallel hybrid configurations. The simulation was performed using the graphical simulation language MATLAB/Simulink and is usable on most computer platforms.