Local Scalar Emergent Time Model (LSETM): A Covariant Framework for Local Matter Creation and Emergent Time

Version 11 — Updated Release This revision strengthens the kinematic validation of the framework by replacing the intermediate-redshift case HZ4 (z ≃ 5.5) with the more definitive Cosmic Dawn disk REBELS-25 at z = 7.31 (Rowland et al. 2024). The following document presents a unified approach to solve current cosmological tensions through the Local Scalar Emergent Time Model (LSETM), a covariant framework in which a sectorized scalar coupling induces effective matter creation that locally modifies the proper-time flow within the dark sector. This model provides a possible explanation for the hubble tension and several JWST-related anomalies—such as the early emergence of massive galaxies, the Little Red Dots population, and the high-redshift iron abundance—via accelerated assembly bias (gravitational catalysis) and nonlinear mass growth. LSETM is consistent with local tests (ROCIT) and with Pantheon+ data, leading to falsifiable predictions, including a characteristic “Triple Correlation” and a distinctive redshift-drift signal. A complementary phenomenological toy model further indicates the need for effective creation rates of order ∼ 11.9 Gyr⁻¹ in galaxies at redshifts z ≈ 9–16.5 to reproduce the observed anomalies. Note: This manuscript represents preliminary work. A complete and extended version of the LSETM framework, including detailed microphysical constraints and full parameter fits, remains under development.