Phytochemical Modulation of Host Immunity for the Control of Avian Coccidiosis

Avian coccidiosis, caused by multiple Eimeria sp., remains one of the most economically damaging enteric diseases of poultry worldwide. Despite the long-standing reliance on anticoccidial drugs and live vaccines, the sustainability of conventional control strategies is increasingly compromised by drug resistance, regulatory restrictions, and shifts toward antibiotic-free production systems (Bera et al., 2010 and McDougald, 2003). This review critically examines phytochemicals as host-directed alternatives for coccidiosis control, emphasizing their immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut-protective mechanisms. Evidence from in vitro studies, controlled experimental trials, and emerging field data indicates that phytogenic compounds, including polyphenols, essential oils, saponins, and curcuminoids can mitigate intestinal pathology, enhance mucosal immunity, and reduce performance losses associated with both clinical and subclinical infections (Park et al., 2023 and Yadav et al., 2020). Particular attention is given to the relevance of phytochemical interventions within Indian poultry production systems, where disease pressure, climatic factors, and consumer demand converge to necessitate sustainable solutions.