Pharmacological Approaches in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The increasing global prevalence of diabetes poses a significant burden on healthcare systems. Pharmacological therapy remains the cornerstone of diabetes management, aiming to achieve optimal glycemic control and prevent long-term complications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and critically examines the pharmacological agents used in its management, including insulin preparations and oral antidiabetic drugs. Recent advancements in antidiabetic pharmacotherapy and emerging therapeutic strategies are also discussed.