Epigenetic Modulation in Disease: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract: Epigenetic regulation involves heritable changes in gene expression that do not alterthe underlying DNA sequence. The importance of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of variousdiseases has become increasingly apparent, as it regulates crucial processes such as celldifferentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. This systematic review aims to comprehensivelyexplore the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, its role in disease, emerging biomarkers fordisease detection, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic alterations.Mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA regulation, andchromatin remodeling contribute to the onset and progression of cancers, cardiovasculardiseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions. Recent advances in epigenetictherapies, such as DNA methylation inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and gene editingtechnologies, hold great promise for therapeutic intervention. This review discusses thesedevelopments in detail and explores how epigenetic therapies can be integrated into personalizedmedicine.