Biomedical-Based Nanotechnology for Oral Cancer as an Innovative Strategy for the Head and Neck Region: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Future Perspectives

Abstract : Nanotechnology is transforming medical practice, and maxillofacial surgery is beginning to benefit from its applications, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of oral carcinoma. This review aimed to evaluate the impact, efficacy, and current challenges of nanotechnology in oral cancer management. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, following PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Artificial intelligence software (Rayyan) was used to support article screening. The search strategy included the terms “nanotechnology,” “carcinoma,” “oral cavity,” and “nanotechnology in oral carcinoma,” with Boolean operators (“AND/OR”) and a date filter from 2014 to 2024. A total of 47 articles were identified in databases and 820 through reference screening; 12 met the inclusion criteria. Evidence shows that nanotechnology-based therapies achieve an average tumor reduction of 43% and improve mouth opening by 35%. Severe complications were reported in 25% of cases, and the overall survival rate reached 70%. These outcomes indicate that nanotechnology may increase treatment precision, reduce adverse effects, and improve patient quality of life. Despite its potential, clinical application remains limited due to insufficient large-scale trials and the need for long-term toxicity assessment. Continued research and clinical validation are essential to integrate nanotechnology into routine maxillofacial oncology practice.