Diabetes Mellitus: A Journey Through Time, Science, and Technology

Diabetes mellitus represents a major clinical and economic challenge and remains one of the most prevalent chronic metabolic diseases worldwide. The development and management of diabetes have undergone continuous evolution over centuries, driven by advances in medical science and technology. This narrative historical review aims to present a chronological overview of the most significant milestones in diabetes management, beginning with empirical herbal and dietary approaches in the pre-insulin era, followed by the discovery of insulin, the emergence of modern pharmacotherapy, and the integration of digital health technologies. The review is based on an analysis of peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and authoritative medical sources, evaluating key developments in diabetes treatment across different historical periods.