The Toroidal Phase-Transition Model (TPTM): A Thermodynamic Solution to the Gravitational Singularity and Cosmic Evolution

Abstract: Current models of General Relativity (GR) inevitably lead to a "Singularity"—a point of infinite density where the known laws of physics collapse. This paper proposes the Toroidal Phase-Transition Model (TPTM) as a mechanical alternative to the singularity. By substituting the point-mass singularity with a finite-volume rotating torus, we establish a stable mechanical equilibrium maintained by centrifugal support and internal relativistic viscosity. We propose a density ceiling (Dmax) beyond which gravitational collapse is superseded by thermal-kinetic repulsion, triggering a white-hole expansion. This framework provides a self-regulating, cyclical cosmological model that accounts for the origin of the Big Bang and the presence of Primordial Black Holes (Dark Matter) without requiring infinite variables. contact: joniwein [at] gmail [dot] com