Primordial Supermassive Black Holes as Topological Defects in Quantum Superfluid Vacuum: A Vortex-Seeded Galaxy Formation Mechanism

We propose a novel theoretical framework wherein primordial supermassive black holes (PSMBHs) emerge as quantized vortex defects in a quantum superfluid vacuum during the rapid expansion phase following the Big Bang. In this model, spacetime itself is conceptualized as a Bose-Einstein condensate governed by a logarithmic non-linear Schrödinger equation, with black holes representing topological singularities where the superfluid order parameter vanishes—effectively holes in the spacetime fabric. We derive the conditions under which cosmological phase transitions generate macroscopic vortex structures via the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, predicting a characteristic mass spectrum for primordial black holes. Our framework naturally explains recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of anomalously massive galaxies and naked supermassive black holes at high redshifts (z greater than or equal to 10), where black hole-to-stellar mass ratios exceed standard hierarchical formation predictions by 1–2 orders of magnitude. This work unifies concepts from condensed matter physics, quantum field theory, and cosmology to address the fundamental question of structure formation in the early universe.