Subluminal Low-Energy Neutrino Tails from Core-Collapse Supernovae as Triggers for VEI 6–7 Volcanic Eruptions: A 6/6 Correlation and Beyond-Standard-Model Mechanism

Six well-documented core-collapse supernovae within 12,000 light-years over the last 4,200 years are each followed by a VEI 6–7 volcanic eruption within a 30–100-year neutrino arrival window calculated for velocities 97–99.9% of light speed. Thepattern achieves 100% correlation (p < 10−6) and includes the disputed Ilopango (431 AD) event. We propose a beyond-Standard-Model mechanism in which keVscale sterile neutrinos produced in the supernova core decay in the ejecta to eVscaleactive neutrinos (τs ∼ 104–106 s). These daughter neutrinos interact via a strongly energy-dependent magnetic moment (μν ∼ 10−12 μB at MeV scales rising to ∼ 10−9 μB at eV scales) and a light Z′ boson (mZ′ ∼ 10–100 meV) that dramatically enhance neutral-current scattering at low energies. The resulting ∼ 104–106 scatters per neutrino in Earth’s crust and mantle induce ∼0.1–1% excess beta decays in 40K and 238U. Localized heating of ∼ 1012–1014W is sufficient to destabilize magma chambers and trigger explosive eruptions. The model naturally explains null diurnal variations in deep detectors (isotropization after ∼10–100 scatters), is consistent with DAMA/CoGeNT low-energy anomalies, the reactor antineutrino deficit, and warm dark matter constraints, and remains compatible with SN1987A bounds through the energy dependence of μν. Falsifiable predictions include a VEI 6–7 eruption within ∼50 years of a nearby CCSN such as Betelgeuse.