Primordial Supermassive Black Holes as Topological Defects in Quantum Superfluid Vacuum: A Vortex-Seeded Galaxy Formation Mechanism

We propose a theoretical framework wherein primordial supermassive black holes (PSMBHs) emerge as quantized vortex defects in a quantum superfluid vacuum during the rapid expansion phase following the Big Bang. Spacetime is modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate governed by a logarithmic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, with black holes representing topological singularities where the superfluid order parameter vanishes. We derive conditions under which cosmological phase transitions generate macroscopic vortex structures via the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, predicting a characteristic primordial black hole mass spectrum. Our framework is consistent with recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of anomalously massive galaxies and "naked" supermassive black holes at redshifts z > 10, where black hole-to-stellar mass ratios exceed standard hierarchical formation predictions by 1–2 orders of magnitude. We present quantitative predictions for the primordial black hole mass function, galaxy seeding efficiency, black hole spin distributions, and gravitational wave signatures distinguishable from conventional astrophysical formation channels. The model implies a subdominant primordial black hole contribution to dark matter and an emergent dark energy mechanism from vacuum compressibility. This work unifies concepts from condensed matter physics, quantum field theory, and cosmology to address structure formation in the early universe.