Multi-Cluster Phase Formation in a Four-Force Unified Model: Self-Organization through τ-Mediated Interactions

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Authors: lichao
Cited by: 0

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive computational study of multi-cluster phaseformation in a complex system governed by four unified forces mediated by aτ order parameter. We develop a particle-based model where interactions aresystematically categorized into four distinct types: strong force (short-range attraction operating exclusively between τ-similar particles), electromagnetic force(medium-range interaction modulated by both electric charge and τ difference),weak force (asymmetric interaction with axial symmetry), and gravitational force(long-range weak universal attraction). The τ parameter evolves through a sophisticated double-well potential with stochastic noise, creating a natural separationbetween low-τ (∼ 0.6) and high-τ (∼ 1.4) regimes while allowing for intermediatevalues. Through nine iterative versions of the model development process, we discover that 80 particles spontaneously self-organize into 9-10 stable clusters with7-9 particles per cluster, revealing an emergent natural scaling law N ≈ 9k, whereN represents the total number of particles and k denotes the number of clusters.The system exhibits continuous symmetry breaking rather than discrete phase separation, with τ values forming a continuous spectrum across clusters rather thana strict bimodal distribution. This work demonstrates how complex multi-clusterphases can emerge from relatively simple interaction rules and provides fundamental insights into self-organization, pattern formation, and emergent phenomena incomplex systems. The model establishes a bridge between concepts from particlephysics, statistical mechanics, and complex systems theory.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Material Dynamics and Properties Theoretical and Computational Physics Block Copolymer Self-Assembly

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
4 January 2026