The Universe as a Processual System: Regulation, Entropy, and the Origin of Cosmic Structures

This preprint presents a process-based interpretation of cosmology in which the Universe is treated as a long-lived, possibly eternal system governed by local regulatory mechanisms rather than by a single global origin event. The discussion emphasizes the role of energy circulation, entropy, and self-regulation across multiple levels of physical organization, from elementary particles and nuclear processes to chemical complexity and biological structures. Particular attention is given to the interpretation of the cosmic microwave background as a thermodynamically saturated radiation field, potentially arising from local or distributed thermalization episodes rather than uniquely encoding a global beginning. The manuscript further examines the stability of light-element abundances, including deuterium and lithium-7, and discusses whether their observed proportions may reflect long-term equilibrium processes instead of a single primordial nucleosynthesis event. No modifications of established physical laws are proposed. The work aims to clearly distinguish observational facts from their cosmological interpretations, identify unresolved conceptual gaps, and outline possible observational tests relevant to future high-precision measurements. The paper is intended as a conceptual synthesis and methodological contribution rather than a finalized alternative cosmological model.