A comprehensive review of empty nest syndrome and its consequences: An analytical review

A comprehensive review of empty nest syndrome and its consequences: An analytical review Sarabidar, Parvaneh GhodsiPhD Student, Department of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iransara.bidar222@gmail.comAssistant Professor, Department of General Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iranelham_ghodsi@yahoo.com AbstractEmpty nest syndrome is one of the significant phenomena in the family transformation cycle that, following the children leaving home, confronts parents with profound psychological and social changes (Kabiri et al., 2023). This stage of life, especially in middle age and old age, is accompanied by a redefinition of family roles, a transformation in daily interaction patterns, and a change in the sense of meaning and individual identity (Gupta, 2025). Although for some parents this period can be seen as an opportunity for personal growth and increased independence, research evidence shows that in many cases, empty nest syndrome is associated with significant negative mental health consequences (Feng; Phillips, 2024). A review of studies shows that symptoms such as depression, anxiety, feelings of loneliness, decreased hope for the future, and quality of life are among the most common psychological consequences of this syndrome (Kabiri et al., 2023). The severity of these consequences is not the same and is influenced by elements of individual, family, and social factors. Factors such as the degree of emotional attachment of parents to the parenting role, the quality of parent-child relationships before leaving home, family structure, and sociocultural contexts play a major role in how parents experience this stage (Gupta, 2025). In situations where the role of parenting is a central part of an individual's identity, the departure of children can be associated with an experience of psychological loss (Feng; Phillips, 2024). The present study aims to conduct an analytical review study focusing on the etiology of the psychological consequences of empty nest syndrome, identifying effective protective factors in parental adjustment, and examining evidence-based therapeutic interventions in this area. For this purpose, scientific research published in reputable domestic and international databases between 2015 and 2025 was reviewed. The findings indicated that factors such as perceived social support, psychological resilience, having a meaning in life, and a positive attitude towards the future can be important sources of adaptation to reduce the severity of the negative consequences of this syndrome (Kabiri et al., 2023). Also, existing evidence indicates that psychological interventions, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy, coping skills training, and group-based psychosocial interventions, play an effective role in improving the psychological well-being of empty nest parents (Gupta, 2025). Overall, the results of this study emphasize the need for systematic attention to empty nest syndrome in mental health policies and the design of preventive and therapeutic interventions appropriate to the cultural context of the society.Keywords: Empty nest syndrome; Mental health; Midlife; Old age; Psychological resilience; Social support