Unraveling Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Acid-induced mucosal damage to the stomach and proximal duodenum is the hallmark of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), a prevalent and clinically severe gastrointestinal condition. After the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, which established infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use as the primary etiological factors, the concept of PUD, which was previously thought to be an acid-related illness, drastically changed. PUD continues to significantly increase global morbidity and death, even if its incidence is reducing in many areas, especially because of complications, including bleeding and perforation. The illness is caused by an imbalance between defensive systems like prostaglandin synthesis, mucosal defence, and sufficient blood flow and aggressive factors including stomach acid, pepsin, H. pylori, and NSAIDs. Clinical manifestations include acute epigastric discomfort, potentially fatal bleeding, and asymptomatic illness. Endoscopy and H. pylori testing are the main methods used to make the diagnosis. Acid suppression medication, H. pylori eradication, NSAID avoidance, and suitable lifestyle changes are all part of management. Results have greatly improved with the developments in pharmaceutical therapy, particularly proton pump inhibitors and combination antibiotic regimens. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and comprehensive management of peptic ulcer disease are highlighted in this review, with a focus on the significance of early detection, tailored therapy, and preventative measures to lower consequences and recurrence.