CURRENT SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER: AN UPDATED REVIEW

Colorectal cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and represents a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Surgical resection continues to be the cornerstone of curative treatment for both colon and rectal cancers, with advances in surgical techniques, perioperative care, and multidisciplinary strategies significantly improving patient outcomes. Over the past two decades, the evolution of minimally invasive approaches, refinement of total mesorectal excision, adoption of sphincter-preserving procedures, and integration of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have transformed colorectal cancer management. This thesis provides an updated overview of current surgical strategies for colorectal cancer, emphasizing evidence-based approaches, oncological principles, and outcome-oriented decision-making. The role of laparoscopic and robotic surgery, management of locally advanced disease, and factors influencing surgical selection are critically reviewed based on contemporary clinical guidelines and high-quality studies.