Performance Evaluation of Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag and Paper Sludge as Sustainable Construction Materials

Rapid industrial growth and urbanization have significantly increased the generation of industrial solid waste, creating serious environmental challenges, particularly in India. At the same time, the construction industry relies heavily on cement and natural aggregates, leading to high energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. To address these concerns, this study explores the use of waste iron slag as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate and paper sludge (hypo sludge) as a partial replacement for cement in M25 grade concrete.Concrete mixes with varying replacement levels were prepared and evaluated for key mechanical properties, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, which are critical for rigid pavement and highway applications. The use of iron slag is intended to improve inter-particle bonding and abrasion resistance, while paper sludge contributes to reduced cement consumption and lower environmental impact. The results demonstrate that controlled incorporation of these waste materials can produce structurally viable concrete while promoting sustainable construction practices through resource conservation and waste utilization.