A CONSTRAINT-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT SYSTEMS GOVERNED BY EXTERNAL FIELD COUPLING

This paper develops a physics-only, constraint-based classification of non-equilibrium transport systems whose motion is governed primarily by sustained coupling to external fields rather than by internal inertial dynamics. It identifies a specific regime defined by open energy or mass exchange, dominance of field forces over inertia, continuous momentum exchange with the environment, and enforced non-reciprocity through asymmetry. Under these constraints, systems as disparate as microscopic low-Reynolds transport and astronomical radiation- or plasma-coupled bodies converge to dynamically isomorphic behavior, including wake formation and chiral or asymmetric trajectories. The work does not introduce new laws or models; it provides a taxonomy that clarifies when observed transport behavior is an unavoidable consequence of physical constraints rather than system-specific mechanisms.