Applications of Nano-Zinc in Livestock Nutrition: A Review

Minerals are vital for livestock growth, reproduction and immunity, with trace elements playing critical roles in enzymatic and hormonal functions. Deficiencies can cause severe health issues and conventional supplementation often requires large doses with low absorption and environmental losses. Nano-sized minerals, especially zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), offer higher surface area, better solubility and improved bioavailability. Nano-zinc shows enhanced intestinal absorption, tissue penetration and targeted delivery. Physical, chemical and green synthesis methods produce nanoparticles with varying properties affecting safety and efficacy. Supplementation improves growth performance (weight gain, feed efficiency), immune responses (antioxidant activity, immunoglobulins, cytokines) and reproductive health (sperm quality, hormonal balance, conception rates). It also supports bone, skin and tissue health and reduces mineral excretion, lowering environmental contamination. Due to its high bioavailability, nano-zinc requires lower doses while maintaining effectiveness. Overall, it is a safe, efficient and eco-friendly trace mineral that enhances productivity and health in livestock and aquaculture.