General Transfer-of-State Model (GTOSM): Foundations of Physics – Fundamentals From Continuous Fields to Discrete Update Mechanics

Description: This work defines the foundational concepts of physics: space, time, mass, energy, dark sector, and information. It proposes a discrete, update-driven universe, where all fundamental processes are treated as quantized entities, governed by a lattice framework. Under the General Transfer-of-State Model (GTOSM), fundamentals are not continuous substances or background parameters; they are counts, constraints, and update rates on an immutable lattice 𝓛, evolving in discrete ticks τ*. The transfer-of-state attempt is an informational obligation, which may succeed or fail depending on lattice readiness and capacity. Fermions carry identity and may carry persistent constraint history (bias); they consume lattice sites and solicit flux (space-routing availability) under mass demand (MD). Bosons propagate excitation/phase structure and do not carry identity or bias. The wavefunction and Hilbert space are not discarded; they are repositioned as derived bookkeeping for admissible transfer statistics and phase structure under coarse-graining. Gravitation is reconstructed as routing pressure (mass-demand MD) and the resulting throttling of transfer success. Black holes, dark matter, and dark energy emerge as closure regimes and integer-count residual effects of the same discrete update mechanics. What is time?What is energy?What is a measurement?How does mass relate to the transfer of state? Most importantly, this model addresses long-standing issues like singularities, dark matter, and dark energy, showing that all these phenomena are part of the same underlying process of discrete state transfer within the lattice. The wavefunction is interpreted as bookkeeping for admissible transfer statistics and phase structure, emerging naturally from the model’s coarse-graining of state transfer attempts. As a result, the evolution of the wavefunction is not dependent on a continuous, free-floating probability distribution but on discrete, tick-by-tick updates of the lattice’s admissible channels. Under this model, interference patterns in quantum mechanics become a manifestation of the admissible transfer channels' recombination, providing a physical basis for wavefunction behavior. Time, for each particle or coherence domain, is not a continuous backdrop against which events unfold. Instead, it is the internal ledger of successful state transfers. The passage of time occurs as an identity processes state updates in discrete steps, with each successful update incrementing the particle’s own proper time. This quantization of time leads to time dilation and gravitational effects, naturally explained by the lattice’s hit fractions and the success or failure of state transfers. With only three key primitives—one of which, "spin," is already familiar in physics—GTOSM avoids abstract concepts and untestable assumptions. It describes the universe as it behaves, offering clear definitions for space, time, mass, energy, and information. The predictions of this model are grounded in empirical data and are open to experimental verification, providing a path forward for its falsification or new discoveries in physics. Standalone follow-up work on: Necsanu, R. (2025). General Transfer-of-State Model (GTOSM): A Minimum Structural Reconstruction of Quantum Mechanics, Gravitation, and Cosmology.Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17992660ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1281-9180