SYSTEMIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IMMUNE DYSREGULATION, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND STRUCTURAL JOINT DAMAGE IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Rheumatic diseases encompass a broad spectrum of inflammatory and degenerative disorders characterized by chronic immune activation, vascular dysfunction, and progressive musculoskeletal and organ involvement. Ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, osteoarthritis, allergic vasculitis, and systemic sclerosis share overlapping pathogenic mechanisms, despite distinct clinical phenotypes. These mechanisms include immune-mediated endothelial injury, altered cytokine signaling, dysregulated extracellular matrix turnover, and genetic susceptibility