Bioactive Constituents of Nigella sativa: Dual Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses

Nigella sativa (black seed) is a medicinal herb recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties, primarily attributed to thymoquinone and related bioactive. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer share underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation. This review critically examines the phytochemical composition of N. sativa and highlights its dual role in regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The antioxidant actions include free radical scavenging, enhancement of enzymatic defense systems, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and mitochondrial protection via Nrf2 activation. Anti-inflammatory effects involve suppression of NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways, modulation of cytokine release, and inhibition of COX/LOX-derived eicosanoids. The synergistic interplay of these mechanisms positions N. sativa as a promising therapeutic candidate across a spectrum of oxidative-inflammatory disorders. Preclinical and clinical studies substantiate its efficacy, yet challenges remain regarding standardization, bioavailability, and long-term safety. Future translational research integrating multi-omics approaches may establish N. sativa as a viable adjunct in personalized medicine.