Screening and Early Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer: An Updated Review

Ovarian cancer has emerged as one of the most common malignancies affecting women in India and the most lethal gynecological malignancy, is a significant global health challenge, with >324,000 new cases and >200,000 deaths being reported annually. OC is characterized by late-stage diagnosis, a poor prognosis, and 5-year survival rates ranging from 93% (early stage) to 20% (advanced stage). Despite advances in genomics and proteomics, effective early-stage diagnostic tools and population-wide screening strategies remain elusive, contributing to high mortality rates. Novel screening methods including organoids and multiplex panels are being explored to overcome current diagnostic limitations. It is not curable but three most extensively evaluated screening methods for ovarian cancer are pelvic examination, serum CA 125, and transvaginal sonography (TVS). The lack of sensitivity of pelvic examination and serum CA 125 has limited their use in ovarian cancer screening. Currently, the most effective screening method for ovarian cancer is TVS. Genetic testing for gene mutations that affect treatment is the standard of care for all women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Nearly all women will have a recurrence, and the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer continues to be nuanced and requires extensive review of up-to-date modalities that balance efficacy with the patient’s quality of life. This review highlights the critical need for continued research and innovation to enhance early diagnosis, reduce mortality, and improve patient outcomes in ovarian cancer.