The Electron as the Universal Mass Ruler
Abstract
This paper proposes the electron as a universal mass ruler. Particle masses are interpreted as structural effective masses generated by internal circulation energy and mapped to observed values through electron-based normalization. Quark and lepton mass hierarchies are shown to follow systematic scaling without introducing new fields or free parameters.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 7 January 2026
- Document type
- Preprint