Dynamic Interplay of Plate Tectonics and Mass Extinctions: Tracing Environmental Transformation and Evolution of Carbonate Ecosystems

Mass extinctions throughout Earth's history have created ecological vacancies, providing opportunities for the evolution of new species adapted to their environmental conditions. Plate tectonics drives uplift, subsidence, glacial expansion, and sea-level fluctuations, causing environmental changes that lead to extinction of organisms unable to adapt. In this article we try to connect these two phenomena’s by examining their trace of occurrence. In this paper we also describe the formation and characteristics of limestones which reflect the history of invertebrates we try to explain the biological, biochemical and inorganic processes of carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis, and the environmental conditions that favor limestone formation.