A Gravitational Alternative to the ΛCDM Model: Stellar Collapse Residue as the Origin of Galactic Structuring

EVAN Model (Evidence of the Velocity of Accretion and Nebulosity) – Version 2.1: A Gravitational Alternative to the ΛCDM Model Author: Olivier EvanDate: May 2025 | January 2026 (v2.1)Version: 2.1License: CC BY 4.0 Keywords: Cosmology, gravitation, dark matter, stellar collapse, gravitational lensing, cosmic microwave background, numerical simulation, EVANSim, γ_spin, ζ_gh, RELHIC, falsifiable predictions Abstract Version 2.1 of the EVAN model integrates two major post-publication observational validations confirming predictions made in v2.0 (May 2025, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.15378612): - ROTATING FILAMENT (MNRAS, Dec. 2025): 14 galaxies with synchronized spins across 1.7 Mpc, v_rot = 110 km/s → γ_spin validated- CLOUD-9 (ApJ Letters, Nov. 2025): ~10⁶ M☉ gas cloud sustained by ~5 × 10⁹ M☉ dark matter → ζ_gh ≈ 5000 validated The EVAN model offers a gravitational alternative to the standard ΛCDM cosmological framework by replacing hypothetical dark matter with persistent inertial residues from stellar collapses. The model introduces five gyroscopic constants (γ_spin, Γ_eff, Δ_rot, Ψ_gyro, Λ_gyro), a mathematical formalism based on an inertial memory tensor (T_μν^mem), and observational indices (ζ_echo, ζ_gh) to quantify residual gravitational effects. New in v2.1:- TESTABLE PREDICTIONS (2026–2036): Comprehensive table of falsifiable predictions with quantitative thresholds, operational definitions, and fiducial parameters- Structured REFERENCES: Complete bibliography organized chronologically from historical foundations (1687–1970) through recent observations (2020–2026), including post-publication validations Grounded in known astrophysical processes, EVAN v2.1 demonstrates predictive validity through independent observational confirmation and provides systematic tools for future model testing.