PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER OF BASTAR REGION OF CHHATTISGARH

Abstract Under the NAQUIM programme, groundwater from fifteen locations in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh was analyzed to assess its physicochemical quality. The pH values range from 6.8 to 7.1, falling within the permissible limits of both WHO and BIS (IS 10500:2012), indicating neutral to slightly acidic water suitable for drinking purposes. Electrical conductivity varies from 250 to 1182 µS/cm, reflecting low to high mineralization, with elevated values at Joba and Lanjora suggesting strong water–rock interaction and localized anthropogenic influence. Bicarbonate concentrations (98–238 mg/L) indicate carbonate and silicate weathering control on groundwater chemistry. Chloride values range from 7 to 213 mg/L and remain within WHO and IS limits (250 mg/L), although higher concentrations at Joba and Lanjora point to prolonged groundwater residence time. Sulphate (ND–42 mg/L) and fluoride (ND–0.9 mg/L) concentrations are within permissible WHO and IS limits, indicating minimal health risk. Total hardness ranges from 90 to 480 mg/L, classifying groundwater from moderately hard to very hard. Hardness values exceeding IS desirable limits at some locations reduce suitability for domestic use without treatment. Calcium and magnesium are the main contributors to hardness, with occasional increase of calcium limits. Overall, groundwater quality is mostly within WHO and IS standards, but localized high mineralization and hardness highlight the need for regular monitoring and targeted groundwater management.