Review on Prevalence and Evaluation of Self-Medication

Self-medication is a rapidly growing global health concern, characterized by the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized symptoms without professional supervision. This review evaluates the prevalence, determinants, and consequences of self-medication practices across various populations. Findings from multiple studies indicate that prevalence rates range widely from 40% to 80%, depending on factors such as geographical location, healthcare accessibility, educational status, and socioeconomic conditions. Commonly self-medicated drugs include analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics, cough remedies, and traditional herbal preparations. The major drivers of self-medication include convenience, previous experience with similar illnesses, cost-saving behavior, and limited access to healthcare services—especially in rural settings. Although self-medication may offer benefits such as quick relief and reduced healthcare burden, it poses significant risks, including incorrect diagnosis, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights the urgent need for stronger regulatory control of over-the-counter medications, increased public awareness, and enhanced pharmacistdriven counselling to promote responsible self-medication practices. Strengthening health literacy and implementing community-level interventions are essential steps toward reducing the harmful effects associated with irrational selfmedication.