The Rest Mass of the Photon in the Early Universe and Supermassive Neutron Stars Without Event Horizons

This paper examines the possibility of the existence of a restmass for photons in the early Universe, when the speed ofpropagation of interactions could briefly exceed the speed oflight. It is assumed that under such conditions the photon canacquire a rest mass, which, in turn, can affect the formation ofsupermassive neutron stars without an event horizon. Possibleimplications for the cosmological microwave background andgravitational waves are also considered.