ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND ANATOMICAL-FUNCTIONAL FACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) constitute a major clinical challenge due to their high prevalence, impact on quality of life, and increasing association with antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The frequent use of antimicrobial agents has contributed to the emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogens, complicating both treatment and prevention strategies. In addition to microbial factors, anatomical and functional abnormalities of the urinary tract play a crucial role in the persistence and recurrence of infections. This review provides an in-depth analysis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in uropathogens and examines the contribution of anatomical and functional factors to recurrent UTIs. Furthermore, it discusses current diagnostic approaches and emphasizes integrated preventive strategies, including non-antibiotic measures and correction of underlying abnormalities. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for developing effective, sustainable prevention strategies and reducing the global burden of recurrent UTIs.