DRUG-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: AN EMERGING CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGE

A major and largely preventable type of adverse drug reaction (ADR) of the cardiovascular system and heart is drug-induced cardiovascular disease (DICVD). It covers a range of pathophysiology between subclinical dysfunction and life-threatening events such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension. This review provides a systematic description of the key types of drugs associated with cardiovascular toxicity, their suggested pathophysiological pathways, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies. The growing polypharmacy, application of innovative targeted therapies, and the acknowledgment of delayed latent results highlight the extreme importance of greater alertness among clinicians, pharmacologists, and regulatory agencies.