ANDROPAUSE: THE MALE MENOPAUSE: FROM DENIAL TO DISCOVERY AND IT'S MEDICAL PERSPECTIVES

Andropause, also termed late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), represents a gradual decline in testosterone levels among aging men, leading to multifaceted physiological, psychological, and social consequences. Unlike female menopause, it is characterized by a slow hormonal reduction that manifests as diminished libido, fatigue, mood disturbances, loss of muscle and bone mass, and metabolic changes. This review explores the historical progression of andropause from early denial to medical recognition, examining its social and psychological dimensions alongside its pathophysiology. Key causes include age-related Leydig cell dysfunction, chronic illnesses, lifestyle factors, and medication effects. Diagnostic challenges arise due to overlapping symptoms with normal aging, necessitating biochemical confirmation of low testosterone. Treatment strategies encompass testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), lifestyle interventions, phyto-therapeutics, and Ayurvedic management, each carrying potential risks such as cardiovascular events, prostate complications and polycythemia. Recent research emphasizes personalized medicine, long-term safety of TRT, integrated care models, and public awareness initiatives such as World Andropause Awareness Day. Advances in natural therapies, dietary androgen receptor modulators, and psychosocial support highlight emerging directions. By synthesizing biomedical, alternative, and lifestyle-based approaches, this review underscores the importance of early diagnosis, individualized care, and comprehensive awareness to improve quality of life in aging men experiencing andropause.