Mechanical Resolution of the Proton Radius Puzzle: Variable Manifold Tension in the UST Model
Abstract
This paper addresses the Proton Radius Puzzle—the ~4% discrepancy between measurements using electrons and muons. Within the Universal Sheet Tension (UST) Model, the proton is treated as a 3D mechanical inclusion. We derive a dynamic radius formula showing that the measured radius is a function of probe-induced manifold tension. The muon's higher mass-tension physically compresses the proton's 2D skin, providing a purely mechanical and deterministic solution to the discrepancy.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 12 January 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Preprint