Diurnal activity and occurrence frequency of birds according to density during the breeding season at Heydar Aliyev International Airport

In 2023–2025, diurnal activity patterns and occurrence frequency of migratory-breeding and sedentary bird species were studied at the Heydar Aliyev International Airport. During the study period, 28 species belonging to 8 orders, 18 families, and 23 genera were recorded. Of these, 27 species were observed during daylight hours, while one Little owl (Athene noctua) was recorded at night. The main peak of bird activity occurred between 06:00-11:00 (27 species) and 19:00–21:00 (22 species), whereas the lowest activity was observed between 11:0-–18:00. Based on species density, seven species with an occurence frequency rated at 80–100 points-Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Great black-headed gull (Larus ichthyaetus), Caspian gull (Larus cachinnans), Common gull (Larus canus), Rock dove (Columba livia), Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), and Hooded crow (Corvus cornix) pose a high risk of collision with aircraft due to their flocking behavior, collision probability, and potential strike severity. By assessing bird activity and occurrence frequency across the airport area and adjusting the daily operational schedules of aircraft accordingly, it is possible to reduce the risk of bird strikes posed by hazardous species.