Biodiversity Conservation in the Anthropocene: HIPPO Drivers, Ecosystem Resilience, and Practical Paths to Recovery

This manuscript reviews major biodiversity threats in the Anthropocene using the HIPPO framework (habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, human population growth, and overharvesting). It explains how climate change amplifies these drivers through shifting temperature and precipitation patterns, ocean acidification, and increased disturbance events. The paper summarizes impacts on ecosystem services and species persistence, then compares practical conservation responses, including protected areas, habitat connectivity, restoration ecology, invasive species control, and reconciliation ecology. The goal is to provide an accessible synthesis of current drivers and realistic actions that improve resilience across ecosystems.